Display device having anti-reflective electrodes and/or insulating film

ABSTRACT

A display device including a pair of opposed substrates at least one of which is transparent with a display medium layer therebetween, and a transparent electrode arranged on the internal surface of the transparent substrate is provided. The thickness of the transparent electrode is about ((5500×N)/(2×n))Å wherein N is a natural number and n represents the refractive index thereof. When a transparent insulating film is formed on the transparent electrode, the thickness of the transparent insulating film is about ((5500×N)/(2×m))Å wherein N is a natural number and m represents the refractive index thereof. When the refractive index of n 1  of the transparent insulating film is substantially equal to the refractive index n 2  of the transparent electrode, the value, 2×(n 1  ×d 1  +n 2  ×d 2 ) equals about (5500×N)Å wherein N is a natural number, d 1  represents the thickness of the transparent insulating film and d 2  the thickness of the transparent electrode.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation-in-part of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 824,028, filed Jan. 30, 1986.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to display devices including an electro-optical or electrolytic display medium and, more particularly, to display devices in which the thickness of transparent electrodes and/or transparent insulating films formed on a transparent substrate is optimized.

Recently, display devices wherein a display medium is enclosed between substrates have been used in office automation equipment. These display devices include liquid crystal display devices and electrochromic display devices. In such devices at least one substrate is transparent and has a transparent electrode disposed thereon in order to permit observation of the display medium through the transparent electrode. When the display capacity is increased in these devices, the degree of drive multiplexing is increased and the contrast ratio decreases. The decrease in contrast ratio occurs as a result of reflection between the transparent substrate and the transparent electrode provided on the substrate or between the transparent electrode and the liquid crystal display medium in the case of a liquid crystal display device. When reflections occur, light other than that necessary for display is observed and observation of the display becomes difficult.

Furthermore, when an insulating film is provided on the electrode for protecting the electrode, for preventing application of DC voltage to the liquid crystal layer, and for improving the performance of the display device through control of the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, additional reflected light is generated. For example, a display device of the twisted nematic type was produced using glass substrates. An indium oxide-tin oxide (ITO) film having a thickness of 800 Å was used as the transparent electrode and a silicon dioxide (SiO₂) insulating film having a thickness of 1000 Å was formed on the electrode. A liquid crystal display cell was formed by enclosing a liquid crystal material between two electrodes. A polarizing plate was attached to one side of the display and a second polarizing plate and irregular reflecting plate was attached to the opposite side of the display. The linear reflectivity of the display device was about 8%, of which about 4% resulted from reflection from the internal surfaces of the liquid crystal display cell. Since the total reflectivity of the device was about 23%, it is clear that the amount of reflected light that was unnecessary for display was equal to about one-third (1/3) of the total reflectivity; only about two-thirds (2/3) of the total amount of reflected light was necessary for display. The reflected light from the surface boundary of the transparent electrode deteriorated the quality of display of the device. These disadvantages impose a serious constraint on the use and popularity of these devices.

It is, therefore, desirable to provide a display device that overcomes the disadvantages inherent in prior art display devices.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Generally speaking, in accordance with the invention a display device having at least one transparent electrode of an optimum thickness is provided. Optimum thicknesses, d, of the transparent electrode are calculated as ((5500×N)/(2×n))Å, wherein N is a natural number and n is the refractive index of the transparent electrode material. When an insulating film is provided on the transparent electrode, the thickness of the transparent insulating film is about ((5500×N)/(2×m))Å, wherein N is a natural number and m is the refractive index of the transparent insulating film material. The refractive index, m, of the transparent insulating film material is selected so as to be substantially identical to the refractive index, n, of the transparent electrode material. The value of 2×(m×d₁ +n×d₂) is about (5500×N))Å wherein N is a natural number, d₁ is the thickness of the transparent insulating film and d₂ is the thickness of the transparent electrode. The display medium may be an electro-optical medium or an electrochromic medium such as a liquid crystal material.

Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved display device.

It is another object of the invention to provide a display device wherein reflected light from the surface boundary of a transparent electrode is reduced resulting in a display of improved quality.

It is a further object of the invention to reduce the amount of linear reflected light from the internal surface of a liquid crystal cell even when an insulating film is provided on a transparent electrode in order to improve the performance of such a display device by improving the quality of the display.

Still other objects and advantages of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part be apparent from the specification.

The invention accordingly comprises an article of manufacture possessing the features, properties, and relation of elements which will be exemplified in the article hereinafter described, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference is had to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawing, in which:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display device constructed and arranged in accordance with the invention and,

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display device constructed and arranged in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Optimization of the thickness of transparent electrodes and/or transparent insulating films thereon in accordance with the invention is useful in all types of electro-optical display devices, such as electrochromic display devices, eletrophoretic display devices and the like. The invention will be described with reference to liquid crystal display devices for purposes of simplification and explanation of the application of the invention. It should be clear, however, that the invention is not intended to be limited in any respect to use in liquid crystal display devices.

A cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display panel of a dot matrix display device having a duty ratio of 1/100 to 1/200 in which the present invention can be applied is shown in FIG. 1. A liquid crystal material layer 1 is maintained between two substrates 4 and 5, each having a transparent electrode 2 and 3, respectively, on its internal surface. At least one of the substrates 4 or 5 is transparent.

Referring to FIG. 1, in a conventional display device indium oxide or tin oxide transparent electrode 2 has a refractive index in the range between about 1.8 and 2.2. Liquid crystal layer 1 and transparent substrate 4 have refractive indices in the range between about 1.45 and 1.7. Practical and useful transparent electrode material for liquid crystal display devices include indium oxide, tin oxide, an ITO film of indium oxide and tin oxide, a film of tin oxide and antimony oxide, titanium oxide, gold and the like. The refractive index of these films is about 1.8 and the refractive index of tin oxide is about 2.1. These values are large in comparison with the refractive indices of glass substrates made of soda glass, borosilicate glass and the like and of plastic substrates made of polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyethylene-terephthalate and the like, which are between about 1.45 and 1.6. Additionally, the refractive index of the liquid crystal material used in the liquid crystal display device is generally between about 1.45 and 1.6 in the short axis direction and between about 1.5 and 1.7 in the long axis direction.

Because of the difference in refractive indices of electrode 2 and substrate 4 in conventional liquid crystal display devices, reflection takes place at surface boundaries between transparent substrate 4 and transparent electrode 2 and also between transparent electrode 2 and liquid crystal layer 1. This causes reflected light to enter the eye together with the light necessary for viewing the display.

FIG. 2 shows another liquid crystal display device having an insulating film 6 provided on electrode 2. Insulating film 6 protects electrode 2 on substrate 4 and prevents application of DC voltage to liquid crystal layer 1. As a result, performance of the display device through control of the orientation of liquid crystal molecules is improved. However, additional reflected light is generated by insulating film 6.

When a display device includes a transparent electrode prepared in accordance with the invention, light reflected from the surface boundary between the substrate and the transparent electrode and light reflected from the surface boundary between the transparent electrode and the liquid crystal layer differs by about one-half in phase. Accordingly, the total amount of reflected light decreases. Therefore, it can be seen that display elements prepared in accordance with the invention prevent deterioration of display quality due to reflected light and liquid crystal display devices of high visual recognizability can be provided.

Optimization of the thickness of the transparent electrodes and the transparent insulating layer is useful for minimizing the amount of the reflected light. The thickness of the transparent electrode can be optimized as:

    d.sub.2 =((5500×N)/(2×n))Å

wherein N is a natural number and n is the refractive index of the transparent electrode. Similarly, the thickness of the transparent insulating layer can be optimized as:

    d.sub.1 =((5500×N)/(2×m))Å

wherein N is a natural number and m is the refractive index of the transparent insulating layer.

Alternatively, when the values of n and m are close, the thickness of either d₁ or d₂ can be optimized by solving the equation:

    (5500×N)Å=2×(m×d.sub.1 +n×d.sub.2)

wherein N, m, d₁, n and d₂ are as above. If multiple layers p, of the transparent insulating film are provided and each of the layers has a refractive index which is close to the refractive index of the transparent electrode, the optimization formula can be expanded as: ##EQU1## wherein m_(p) is the refractive index of the pth transparent insulating layer and d_(p) is the thickness of the pth transparent insulating layer for a film having p layers and n, d₂ and N are as above.

It is also to be understood that the number 5500 in each of the above equations is a design wavelength. Accordingly, a different design wavelength, λ (in Angstroms), can be substituted for 5500 in these equations for optical devices designed to operate at different, but determined wavelengths.

For a better understanding of the invention, reference is made to the following examples. These examples are presented for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be construed in a limiting sense.

EXAMPLE 1

A twisted nematic type liquid crystal display device was prepared. Soda lime glass coated with SiO₂ was used as the substrate and an ITO film having a refractive index of 1.8 was used as the transparent electrode. The thickness of the transparent electrode was 3000 Å, which is close to an optimum calculated thickness of 3055 Å, obtained using the formula d=((5500×N)/(2×1.8))Å wherein N is 2 and d is the optimum thickness of a transparent electrode having a refractive index of 1.8. Polyvinyl alcohol was coated on the patterned transparent electrode and the exposed glass substrate to a thickness of less than 100 Å so as not to cause any appreciable optical influence. The surface was treated by rubbing and then a liquid crystal display device was prepared using a liquid crystal material having a refractive index of 1.53 in the short axis direction and a birefringent index of 0.21 between two substrates that were prepared as described. The thickness of the liquid crystal material layer was 8.5μ +0.5μ.

The liquid crystal display cell was placed between two polarizing plates having axes aligned so that polarized light entered the cell in the short axis direction of the liquid crystal material. Bonding layers were provided between the substrates and the polarizing plates and an irregular reflecting plate was bonded on one side. The linear reflectivity of the liquid crystal display device was 4.2%, which is less than the linear reflectivity of conventional devices, which is about 6%. Since the surface reflection from the polarizing plate or uppermost surface is about 4%, it is clear that little of the reflection arises from the transparent electrode.

EXAMPLE 2

A liquid crystal display device was produced as described in Example 1 and the surface of the upper polarizing plate was coated with magnesium difluoride (MgF₂) having a thickness of 1000 Å. The linear reflectivity of this device was 2%. Thus, a liquid crystal display device having only a small amount of linear reflected light and good visual recognizability was obtained.

EXAMPLE 3

A positive-type guest-host-mode liquid crystal display device was fabricated using tin oxide doped with antimony oxide for a transparent electrode. The thickness of the transparent electrode was 1200 Å, which is close to an optimum calculated thickness of 1250 Å obtained using the formula d=((5500×N)/(2×2.2))Å wherein N is 1 and d is an optimum thickness of the electrode. The refractive index of the transparent electrode material was 2.2. A liquid crystal material containing 4% dyestuffs and 0.5% optical activator and having a refractive index in the short axis direction of 1.52 was placed between two substrates treated by a vertical orienting agent of about 10 Å and a white irregular reflecting plate was attached to one side using a bonding layer. The linear reflection of the liquid crystal display device was 4.5%, which is a significant improvement over the linear reflection of a conventional device which is about 8%.

It can be seen by examining the configuration produced by forming a transparent electrode on a transparent substrate, such as glass, having a refractive index less than that of the transparent electrode and forming an insulating film on the transparent electrode, that linear reflection can be significantly reduced when the elements are assembled as described. It is possible to reduce the total reflected light by designing the device so that reflected rays from respective surface boundaries interfere with each other in such a way as to be mutually offsetting. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent deterioration of the quality of display arising from reflected light caused by the display element and display devices of good visual recognizability can be obtained.

EXAMPLE 4

A twisted nematic type liquid crystal display device was prepared as follows. Soda lime glass having a refractive index of 1.52 was used as the substrate. Transparent electrodes having a refractive index of 1.8 were formed by sputtering an ITO film onto the glass to a thickness of 2200 Å. The ITO film was selected because of its low resistance of 10Ω/□ which enabled it to be used for a large liquid crystal display device. A 900 Å thick polyimide transparent insulating film having a refractive index of 1.7 was formed on the ITO film. The refractive index of 1.7 of the polyimide film was close to the refractive index of 1.8 of the ITO transparent electrodes and an optimum thickness of the insulating film, d₁, was calculated to be 906 Å on the basis of (5500×N)Å=2×(m×d₁ +n+d₂) wherein N is 2, m is the refractive index of the transparent insulating film (1.7), n is the refractive index of the transparent electrode (1.8) and d₂ is the thickness of the transparent electrode in Å(2200).

The polyimide transparent insulating film was used as the orientation film for the liquid crystal material. The surface was treated by rubbing and a liquid crystal material layer having a refractive index of 1.53 in the short axis direction and a birefringent index of 0.21 was placed between the two substrates that were prepared as described. The thickness of the liquid crystal

material layer was 8.5μ±0.5μ. The liquid crystal display cell was placed between two polarizing plates having axes aligned so that polarized light entered the cell in the short axis direction of the liquid crystal material. Bonding layers were provided between the polarizing plates and the liquid crystal display cell and an irregular reflecting plate was bonded on one side. The linear reflectivity of the liquid crystal display device was measured at 5%, which is significantly lower than the linear reflectivity of conventional devices.

The linear reflection of 5% was measured from the surface of the uppermost polarizing plate and the linear reflection from the internal surface of the liquid crystal display cell was substantially negligible. This was confirmed by securing a glass having reflectivity of only about 0.3% from one surface to the uppermost face of the display device using a bonding agent having a refractive index of 1.51 and measuring the linear reflection.

EXAMPLE 5

A display device having the configuration described in Example 4 was prepared except that the insulating film was formed using a mixture containing 50% by weight silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and 50% by weight tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂ O₅). The insulating thin film was formed on a transparent electrode deposited on a substrate by an organic thermal-decomposition process. The transparent electrode was an ITO film and had a gap between the patterned segments of 40 μm and a width of 300 μm. The thickness of the ITO film was 2500 Å and the thickness of the transparent insulating film having a refractive index of 1.7 was 600 Å. These values are in accordance with the optimization formula of 2×(1.7×2500+1.7×600)=10,540 Å which is close to an optimum value of 11,000 Å calculated for N =2. The linear reflection characteristics were substantially the same as the those described in Example 4.

EXAMPLE 6

An insulating film was prepared using a mixture of 50% by weight SiO₂ and 50% by weight Ta₂ O₅ between a polyimide orientation film and an ITO electrode. The insulating film was deposited by vapor deposition and had a refractive index of 1.8. The ITO transparent electrode film had a thickness of 2 the SiO₂ -Ta₂ O₅ insulating film had a thickness of 700 Å and the polyimide orientation film had a thickness of 400 Å. These values were used to optimize the formula ##EQU2## wherein N was 2, n was the refractive index of the transparent electrode, d₂ is the thickness of the transparent electrode and ##EQU3## is the sum of refractive index of each layer multiplied by thickness d_(p) of each layer for p=2 layers. The linear reflection characteristics were substantially the same as those described in Example 4.

Although the examples shown utilize twisted nematic type liquid crystal display devices, it has been confirmed that similar effects are achieved when the invention is applied to guest-host type and phase-change type smectic liquid crystal display devices. In addition, the invention can be applied to display devices having a similar configuration with a display medium enclosed between a pair of electrode substrates, such as ECD, electro-phoretic, or magneto-phoretic display devices.

It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in the above article without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A display device comprising:a pair of opposed spaced apart substrates at least one of which is transparent; an electrode disposed on the interior surface of each of the substrates, the electrode on the transparent substrate being itself transparent; a display material enclosed between the substrates; and wherein the transparent electrode is about ((5500×N)/(2×n))Å thick, wherein N is a natural number and n is the refractive index of the transparent electrode.
 2. The display device of claim 1, wherein the display material is an electro-optical material.
 3. The display device of claim 1, wherein the display material is an electro-chromic material.
 4. The display device of claim 1, wherein the display material is a liquid crystal material.
 5. The display device of claim 4, wherein the liquid crystal material has a refractive index of 1.53 in the short axis direction and a birefringent index of 0.21.
 6. The display device of claim 1, further including a transparent insulating film formed on the transparent electrode.
 7. The display device of claim 1, wherein the transparent substrate is soda lime glass coated with silicon dioxide.
 8. The display device of claim 6, wherein the transparent electrode is an indium oxide and tin oxide film having a refractive index, n, of 1.8.
 9. The display device of claim 8, wherein the indium oxide and tin oxide film is deposited by sputtering.
 10. The display device of claim 7, wherein the transparent electrode is tin oxide doped with antimony oxide and the refractive index of the transparent electrode is 2.2.
 11. The display device of claim 1, wherein the transparent substrate is soda lime glass having a refractive index, n, of 1.52.
 12. The display device of claim 11, wherein the transparent electrode is an indium oxide and tin oxide film having a refractive index, n, of 1.8.
 13. The display device of claim 12, further including a transparent insulating film disposed on the transparent electrode.
 14. The display device of claim 13, wherein the transparent insulating film is silicon dioxide having a refractive index of 1.45.
 15. The display device of claim 14, wherein both the indium oxide and tin oxide film and the silicon dioxide transparent insulating film are formed by sputtering.
 16. The display device of claim 13, wherein the transparent insulating film is a polyimide resin having a refractive index of 1.7.
 17. The display device of claim 13, wherein the transparent insulating film is 50% by weight of silicon dioxide and by weight of tantalum pentaoxide and the transparent insulating film has a refractive index of 1.7.
 18. A display device comprising:a pair of opposed substrates having electrodes formed on the interior surfaces thereof, at least one of the substrates being transparent; a transparent electrode formed on the internal surface of the transparent substrate; a transparent insulating film formed on the transparent electrode selected so that the refractive index n₁ of the transparent insulating film is substantially identical to the refractive index n₂ of the transparent electrode and the value of 2×(n₁ ×d₁ ×n₂ ×d₂) is about (5500×N) Å, wherein N is a natural number, d₁ represents the thickness of the transparent insulating film and d₂ represents the thickness of the transparent electrode.
 19. The display device of claim 18, wherein the display medium layer is formed of an electro-optical material.
 20. The display device of claim 18, wherein the display medium layer is formed of an electro-chromic material.
 21. The display device of claim 18, wherein the display medium layer is formed of a liquid crystal material.
 22. The display device of claim 21, wherein the liquid crystal material has a refractive index of 1 53 in the short axis direction and a birefringent index of 0.21.
 23. The display device of claim 18, wherein the transparent substrate is soda lime glass coated with silicon dioxide.
 24. The display device of claim 23, wherein the transparent electrode is an indium oxide and tin oxide film having a refractive index, n, of 1.8.
 25. The display device of claim 24, wherein the indium oxide and tin oxide film is deposited by sputtering.
 26. The display device of claim 24, wherein the transparent insulating film is silicon dioxide having a refractive index of 1.45.
 27. The display device of claim 26, wherein both the indium oxide and tin oxide electrode film and the silicon dioxide transparent insulating film are formed by sputtering.
 28. The display device of claim 23, wherein the transparent electrode is tin oxide doped with antimony oxide and the refractive index of the transparent electrode is 2.2.
 29. The display device of claim 18, wherein the transparent substrate is soda lime glass having a refractive index, n, of 1.52.
 30. The display device of claim 29, wherein the transparent electrode is an indium oxide film having a refractive index, n, of 1.8.
 31. The display device of claim 18, wherein the transparent insulating film is a polyimide resin having a refractive index of 1.7.
 32. The display device of claim 18, wherein the transparent insulating film is 50% by weight of silicon dioxide and 50% by weight of tantalum pentoxide and has a refractive index of 1.7.
 33. A display device comprising:a pair of opposed substrates having electrodes formed on the interior surfaces thereof, at least one of the substrates being transparent; a display medium layer between the substrates; a transparent electrode having a refractive index n₀ and a thickness d₀ formed on the internal surface of the transparent substrate: at least one transparent insulating film formed on the transparent electrode and having refractive indices, n₁, n₂, . . . n_(p), which are substantially identical to the refractive index n₀ of the transparent electrode and wherein the thicknesses, d₁, d₂, . . . d_(p), of the transparent electrode and the transparent insulating film layers satisfy the equation: ##EQU4## wherein N is a natural number and p is the of transparent insulating film layers. 